Near Harmandar Sahib (Golden Temple), Amritsar By Professor (Dr) Surjit Singh Bhatti In 1762, the famous Sikh leader Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgarhia (1723-1803) built two watchtowers to detect and defend Amritsar’s historic Harmandar Sahib (Golden Temple), against the armed attacks led by Ahmed Shah Abdali. The Afghans attacked this Holy Sikh Shrine many times and…

Prof. (Dr) Surjit Singh Bhatti (Retd.), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar The famous Battle of Saragarhi was fought between 21 British Indian Sikh soldiers and Afghans, estimated between 10,000 and 12,000, who were accompanied by Orakzai and Afridi tribesmen. The soldiers in the fort, who were all Sikhs led by a Junior Officer, Ishar Singh, chose to fight to death,…